Types of Mood Disorders

• Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Major depressive disorder, commonly referred to as depression, is characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities. Other symptoms may include changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating. Depression can significantly impair a person's ability to function and may lead to thoughts of self-harm or suicide.

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• Bipolar Disorder: Bipolar disorder involves cycles of mood swings that alternate between periods of depression and periods of mania or hypomania. During depressive episodes, individuals may experience symptoms similar to those of major depressive disorder. In contrast, manic or hypomanic episodes are characterized by elevated mood, increased energy, impulsivity, and risky behavior. Bipolar disorder can vary in severity and may require lifelong management.

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• Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD): Formerly known as dysthymia, persistent depressive disorder is a chronic form of depression characterized by long-term, low-grade depressive symptoms. While less severe than major depressive disorder, PDD can still have a significant impact on an individual's quality of life and functioning.

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• Cyclothymic Disorder: Cyclothymic disorder is a milder form of bipolar disorder characterized by chronic fluctuations in mood that do not meet the criteria for full-blown manic or depressive episodes. People with cyclothymic disorder may experience periods of mild depression and hypomania that alternate over an extended period.